The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the topic of deterministic vehicle routing problem (VRP) and to give a review on the exact and approximate SOLUTION techniques. More specifically the approximate (meta-heuristic) SOLUTION techniques are classified into: tabu search, simulated annealing, genetic algorithm, evolutionary algorithm, hybrid algorithm, and Ant Colony Optimization. Each of these SOLUTION techniques is briefly discussed and a case study from the literature is presented.

Introduction After the groundbreaking work by Yaghi and co-workers in 2005 [1], in last years, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) (Scheme 1) had proven themselves as emerging class of porous materials [2]. COFs consist of atomically precise organization of organic subunits to form two-or three-dimensional porous crystalline structures through strong covalent bonds. These porous structures, entirely consist of covalent bonds between light elements such as carbon, hydrogen, boron, nitrogen and oxygen which they are joining by C-N, C=N, C=O, B-O and other chemical bonds [3-7]..

With respect to uncertainties in projects and the need to optimum allocation of resources, Risk management (RM) is considered as an important phase of the project management (PM) process. As well, ranking risk’s (RR) of the project is the critical step of the risk analysis phase in a RM. Risk ranking is the process of prioritizing the risks with the use of some criterions. In most standard methods only two indexes, probability of occurrence and consequence of risks, are being used in the risk analysis and risk ranking. Some other indexes such as “uncertainty of estimates” and “ability to response” have been used by some other researchers. There are both qualitative and quantitative methods to rank different risks of a project. Within this article, various MADM METHODOLOGIES, as quantitative approaches, are studied in order to rank the risks of the projects. Each MADM methodology has its own limitations and attributes, and the decision maker cannot use them in all decision-making problems. Using MADM methodology to priority different alternatives of a decision problem needs to consider both the characteristics of the chosen methodology and attributes of the problem itself. Despite, reaching to wrong priorities of the alternatives would be unavoidable. Therefore, different MADM methods are studied from point of using them in a RR problem. Appropriate MADM methods for this purpose are discussed in this paper. It is shown that only compensatory methods can be used in a RR problem. Finally, a real world case study, ranking risks of a power plant renovation project, is presented. To solve the problem, four criteria are considered; including probability of occurrence, consequence of risk, ability to response, and uncertainty of estimates. The TOPSIS algorithm is implemented to solve the problem in the case study. It is suggested to implement more studies to find the most suitable MADM method for the purpose of ranking project risks.

Internet domain ranking is one of the important tools for demonstrating a domain popularity level. To evaluate and rank Internet/web domains according to their referrals, popularity, and traffic, domain rankings are extracted in various methods. This study investigates and analyzes these methods and their relevant platforms. For this purpose, the main ranking methods and their inherent characteristics, including similarity, stability, responsiveness, and the degree of benignity (e.g., the low possibility of changing the lists), are examined, and their potential effects on the conclusions are determined. Furthermore, this study specifies the domains ranking indicators used by the main ranking methods. Finally, as the main conclusion of this study, using the Cloudflare radar and combined Tranco ranking are recommended to rank the Internet domains. Moreover, in domains ranking, for each domain of the extracted list, it is necessary to check their IP and Name Server (NS) and delete those that do not have an IP address or their NS are expired.  We have used the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology to obtain an overall ranking score between different competing ranking scenarios/criteria. Based on the results of this paper, we can conclude that the Cloudflare radar and Tranco with overall ranking efficiency score of 81.8% and 79.9% are the most efficient ranking METHODOLOGIES based on mixture of different ranking metrics, respectively.

Tree flow networks are ubiquitous in nature and abound in engineered systems. A parent tube branching into two daughter tubes is the main building block of these networks. These branched tubes should be designed to provide easier access to flow under different size constraints. Optimal tree networks follow a homothetic scaling where the sizes of tubes have the same ratios between successive generations. In this study, different approaches aiming at optimal design of bifurcating tubes are presented and compared. The cross-sectional area of the tubes is obtained using two methods, based on Lagrange multipliers with a size constraint to respect, and including the size limitations directly into the function to optimize via chain rule. The optimal length of the tubes is obtained based both on the equipartition of forces/resistances and on the equal thermodynamic distance. These methods can be understood as a way of connecting entropy generation and the size of branching tubes. This study shows that applying the Lagrange Multiplier Method and applying the chain rule with constraint provides the same result. A similar result is obtained when the equipartition of forces/resistances and equal thermodynamic distance design methods are applied. These results are valid for different size constraints. In summary, our paper provides a comprehensive comparison of the different methods for a better choice, and is intended to provide insights into tree networks of tubes of any shape under different size constraints, for design and analysis.